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Home  ›  26.2 As A Mixed Number

26.2 As A Mixed Number

Written By Monday, October 17, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Team sport

Volleyball
Algeria and Japan women's national volleyball team at the 2012 Summer Olympics (7913959028).jpg

Typical volleyball activity.
Highest governing body FIVB
Beginning played 1895, Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States
Characteristics
Contact None
Squad members 6
Mixed-sex activity Single
Type Squad sport, internet sport
Equipment Volleyball
Glossary Glossary of volleyball
Presence
Land or region Worldwide
Olympic 1964

Volleyball is a squad sport in which 2 teams of six players are separated by a cyberspace. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team'due south court under organized rules.[1] It has been a part of the official plan of the Summertime Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Embankment volleyball was introduced to the programme at the Atlanta 1996. The adjusted version of volleyball at the Summer Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.

The complete set of rules is extensive,[2] but play essentially proceeds every bit follows: a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' past serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting information technology with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the courtroom, over the internet, and into the receiving team'south court.[3] The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded inside their court. The team may touch the ball up to three times to return the ball to the other side of the court, only individual players may not impact the ball twice consecutively.[3] Typically, the kickoff two touches are used to set up for an set on. An assault is an attempt to straight the brawl back over the net in such a mode that the team receiving the brawl is unable to pass the ball and continue the rally, thus, losing the indicate. The squad that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the about common faults include:

  • causing the ball to touch on the footing or flooring outside the opponents' courtroom or without offset passing over the internet;
  • catching and throwing the ball;
  • double hit: two sequent contacts with the brawl made by the same histrion;
  • 4 consecutive contacts with the ball fabricated by the same team;
  • net foul: touching the cyberspace during play;
  • foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving or under the net when a front row player is trying to keep the ball in play.

The ball is commonly played with the hands or arms, but players tin can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with whatsoever part of the trunk.

A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking (considering these plays are made above the top of the net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as passing, setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.[four]

History

Origins

In December 1895,[5] in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States), William One thousand. Morgan, a YMCA physical educational activity manager, created a new game called Mintonette, a proper name derived from the game of badminton,[vi] as a pastime to exist played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from other sports such equally baseball, tennis and handball.[7] Another indoor sport, basketball, was communicable on in the expanse, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres) abroad in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, just four years before. Mintonette was designed to exist an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while however requiring a chip of athletic effort.

The start rules, written downwardly by William 1000. Morgan, called for a cyberspace half-dozen ft vi in (i.98 m) high, a 25 ft × 50 ft (seven.6 m × xv.2 m) courtroom, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with iii serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents' court. In instance of a serving error, a second try was immune. Hitting the ball into the cyberspace was considered a foul (with loss of the signal or a side-out)—except in the case of the commencement-try serve.

Afterward an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its starting time exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield Higher), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled equally ii words: "volley brawl "). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to diverse YMCAs.[8] [nine]

In the early 1900s Spalding, through its publishing company American Sports Publishing Company, produced books with complete instruction and rules for the sport.[10]

Refinements and later developments

Japanese American women playing volleyball, Manzanar internment camp, California, c.  1943

The offset official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others merits it was created in 1900.[11] [12] [13] The rules evolved over fourth dimension: in 1916, in the Philippines, the skill and power of the gear up and spike had been introduced, and four years later a "iii hits" rule and a dominion confronting hit from the back row were established. In 1917, the game was inverse from requiring 21 points to win to a smaller xv points to win. In 1919, near 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries.[11]

The commencement country exterior the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900.[xi] An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first Globe Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.[14] The sport is at present popular in Brazil, in Europe (where especially Italia, holland, and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late 1980s), in Russian federation, and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as in the United States.[8] [nine] [14]

A nudist/naturist volleyball game at the Sunny Trails Club during the 1958 Canadian Sunbathing Association (CSA) convention in British Columbia, Canada

Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic plan at the 1996 Summer Olympics.[eleven] [fourteen] Volleyball is too a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled.

Nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early equally the late 1920s.[15] [16] By the 1960s, a volleyball court had become standard in nigh all nudist/naturist clubs.[17]

Volleyball in the Olympics

Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964.

Rules of the game

The court dimensions

A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 one thousand (29.5 ft × 59.i ft), divided into equal foursquare halves by a cyberspace with a width of ane meter (39.4 in).[18] The meridian of the internet is 2.43 thousand (7 ft 11+ 11⁄16  in) to a higher place the center of the court for men's contest, and two.24 m (seven ft 4+ 3⁄sixteen  in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.[3]

The minimum pinnacle clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m (23.0 ft), although a clearance of 8 m (26.two ft) is recommended.[18]

A line three m (9.8 ft) from and parallel to the internet is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or "10-foot") line divides the court into "dorsum row" and "front row" areas (too back courtroom and front court).[eighteen] These are in plow divided into three areas each: these are numbered equally follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of the serving role player:

After a team gains the serve (as well known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the histrion previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and and then on, with the player from area "ane" moving to area "6".[3] Each histrion rotates only one time afterward the team gains possession of the service; the side by side time each player rotates will be subsequently the other squad wins possession of the ball and loses the signal.[18]

The team courts are surrounded by an expanse called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters broad and which the players may enter and play inside after the service of the brawl.[nineteen] All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a office of the courtroom or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the courtroom. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.[3]

The ball

FIVB regulations state that the brawl must be spherical, made of leather or constructed leather, take a circumference of 65–67 cm (26–26 in), a weight of 260–280 one thousand (9.ii–9.nine oz) and an interior air force per unit area of 0.thirty–0.325 kg/cm2 (iv.26 to four.61 psi)(294.iii to 318.82 mbar or hPa).[20] Other governing bodies have like regulations.

Gameplay

White is on the attack while red attempts to cake.

Each team consists of six players.[18] To go play started, a squad is chosen to serve past coin toss. A actor from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hitting the ball so it passes over the net on a grade such that information technology will land in the opposing squad's courtroom (the serve).[xviii] The opposing team must use a combination of no more than than three contacts with the volleyball to return the brawl to the opponent'due south side of the internet.[18] These contacts normally consist first of the bump or laissez passer and so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated equally the setter; 2nd of the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push button finger-tips at the brawl) by the setter and then that the ball'south trajectory is aimed towards a spot where 1 of the players designated as an attacker tin hit information technology, and third by the aggressor who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hit the ball so it volition move quickly down to the footing on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net.[3] The team with possession of the brawl that is trying to set on the ball equally described is said to be on offence.

The team on defence attempts to prevent the aggressor from directing the ball into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the height (and if possible, across the aeroplane) of the net to block the attacked ball.[3] If the ball is hit effectually, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the balance of the courtroom attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven brawl). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offence.

The game continues in this manner, rallying back and along until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an mistake is made.[xviii] The most frequent errors that are made are either to fail to return the ball over the net within the immune iii touches, or to cause the ball to land exterior the court.[eighteen] A ball is "in" if any part of it touches the inside of a team's court or a sideline or stop-line, and a strong spike may compress the brawl enough when it lands that a ball which at commencement appears to be going out may actually exist in. Players may travel well exterior the courtroom to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air.

Other common errors include a player touching the brawl twice in succession, a role player "catching" the ball, a histrion touching the cyberspace while attempting to play the ball, or a role player penetrating under the cyberspace into the opponent'southward court. In that location are a big number of other errors specified in the rules, although nearly of them are exceptional occurrences. These errors include back-row or libero players spiking the ball or blocking (back-row players may fasten the ball if they leap from backside the attack line), players not existence in the correct position when the ball is served, attacking the serve in the frontcourt and above the top of the net, using another thespian as a source of support to reach the ball, stepping over the dorsum boundary line when serving, taking more than viii seconds to serve,[21] or playing the ball when it is above the opponent'due south court.

Scoring

Scorer's table just before a game

A point is scored when the ball contacts the floor inside the court boundaries or when an fault is fabricated: when the ball strikes one team'south side of the court, the other team gains a signal; and when an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, in either case paying no regard to whether they served the brawl or non. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in the court. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the signal served in the previous point, the aforementioned player serves again. If the team that won the signal did not serve the previous point, the players of the squad acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the beginning team to score 25 points by a two-point margin awarded the ready. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth gear up, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play all-time-of-3 to 25; in the NCAA matches are played best-of-v to 25 as of the 2008 season.)[22]

Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB inverse the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to utilize the current scoring system (formerly known as rally betoken system), primarily to make the length of the lucifer more than predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television receiver-friendly.

The final twelvemonth of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000. Rally betoken scoring debuted in 2001,[23] and games were played to thirty points through 2007. For the 2008 flavour, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to win. Nearly high schools in the U.Due south. changed to rally scoring in 2003,[24] [25] [26] and several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental ground.[27]

Libero

The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998,[28] and made its debut for NCAA competition in 2002.[29] The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from their teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely in a higher place net elevation. When the ball is not in play, the libero can supersede whatever back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is immune per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the histrion whom he or she replaced. Most U.S. high schools added the libero position from 2003 to 2005.[25] [thirty]

The modern-24-hour interval libero often takes on the role of a second setter. When the setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the second ball and sets to the front row aggressor. The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. To brand an overhand set, the libero must be standing behind (and non stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the internet in forepart of the 3-meter line. An underhand laissez passer is allowed from whatsoever function of the court.

The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the squad. There is also a libero tracking canvass, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. Under FIVB (Federation Internationale de Volleyball) rules, two liberos are designated at the beginning of the play, simply ane of whom can be on the court at any fourth dimension.

Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules. NCAA rules for both men and women differ on this point; a 2004 rule change allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can but serve for 1 person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in. That dominion change was likewise applied to high schoolhouse and junior high play soon subsequently.

Contempo rule changes

Other dominion changes enacted in 2000 include assuasive serves in which the ball touches the cyberspace, equally long every bit it goes over the net into the opponents' court. As well, the service surface area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line simply still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten upwardly calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team'southward outset contact provided that they are a role of a single play on the ball.

In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women'southward volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30 for another three years, switching to 25 in 2011). If a 5th (deciding) set is reached, the minimum required score remains at fifteen. In improver, the word "game" is now referred to as "gear up".[22]

The Official Volleyball Rules are prepared and updated every few years by the FIVB's Rules of the Game and Refereeing Commission.[31] The latest edition is usually bachelor on the FIVB's website.[2]

Skills

Competitive teams master 6 basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, cake and dig.[iii] Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that take been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in loftier-level volleyball.

Serve

A player making a jump serve

3D blitheness floating serve

A player stands behind the inline and serves the brawl, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent'due south courtroom. The chief objective is to make it state inside the court; it is also desirable to set up the ball's management, speed and acceleration so that information technology becomes difficult for the receiver to handle information technology properly.[3] A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the courtroom or travels exterior the courtroom after being touched past an opponent; when the merely actor on the server'south team to touch the ball is the server.[ clarification needed ]

In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed:

  • Underhand: a serve in which the role player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it upward and hitting it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in loftier-level competitions.[32]
  • Sky ball serve: a specific blazon of underhand serve occasionally used in embankment volleyball, where the ball is hitting so high it comes down virtually in a straight line. This serve was invented and employed about exclusively past the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated. During the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, yet, the heaven ball serve was extensively played by Italian beach volleyball histrion Adrian Carambula. In Brazil, this serve is chosen Jornada nas Estrelas (Star Trek).[33]
  • Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball loftier and hits it with a wrist snap, giving it topspin which causes it to drib faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally hitting difficult and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court. Continuing topspin serves are rarely used higher up the loftier school level of play.[32]
  • Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball game.[32]
  • Leap serve: an overhand serve where the ball is outset tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting information technology with much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve amid higher and professional teams.[32]
  • Jump float: an overhand serve where the brawl is tossed high enough that the player may leap before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. The brawl is tossed lower than a topspin spring serve, just contact is nevertheless fabricated while in the air. This serve is becoming more popular amongst college and professional players considering information technology has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern.[32]

Pass

A player making a forearm pass or bump

Besides called reception, the laissez passer is the try past a squad to properly handle the opponent's serve or any form of assault. Proper treatment includes not merely preventing the ball from touching the court just as well making it reach the position where the setter is standing rapidly and precisely.[3]

The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the within role of the joined forearms or platform, at waistline; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a fix, to a higher place the caput.[3] Either are acceptable in professional and embankment volleyball; however, in that location are much tighter regulations on the overhand laissez passer in beach volleyball. When a player passes a ball to their setter, it's ideal that the ball does not have a lot of spin to make it easier for the setter.

Set

The gear up is usually the 2d contact that a team makes with the ball.[3] The chief goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a manner that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.[three] The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the brawl.

Every bit with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump gear up. Since the quondam allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the crash-land is used merely when the brawl is so depression it cannot exist properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more than stringent. In the example of a fix, one besides speaks of a front or back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter. At that place is also a jump set that is used when the ball is also close to the net. In this example, the setter usually jumps off their right foot straight upwards to avoid going into the net. The setter unremarkably stands about ⅔ of the style from the left to the right of the cyberspace and faces the left (the larger portion of net that the setter can meet).

Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the brawl for a teammate to perform an set on and tries to play information technology directly onto the opponent's court. This move is chosen a "dump".[34] This tin can but exist performed when the setter is in the forepart row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal dorsum court assault. The most mutual dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front end of the setter to zones 2 and iv. More than experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.

As with a set or an overhand pass, the setter/passer must exist careful to touch the brawl with both easily at the aforementioned fourth dimension.[3] If ane mitt is noticeably tardily to touch the ball this could result in a less effective set, as well as the referee calling a 'double hitting' and giving the betoken to the opposing team.

Assault

The attack, also known as the spike, is commonly the third contact a squad makes with the brawl.[three] The object of attacking is to handle the brawl then that information technology lands on the opponent'due south court and cannot be defended.[3] A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.

Ideally, the contact with the brawl is made at the apex of the hitter'south jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter'due south arm is fully extended above their head and slightly forrard, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to evangelize a powerful striking. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the unabridged torso to drive the ball.[3] A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an virtually directly trajectory steeply downwards into the opponent's courtroom and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a bespeak.

Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:[35]

  • Backcourt (or back row): an set on performed past a back-row player. The thespian must spring from behind the three-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line. A Pipe Attack is when the center player in the back row attacks the ball.
  • Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the sidelines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-courtroom shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing almost the 3-meter line, is chosen a cut shot.
  • Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the brawl lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent'southward court that is not being covered past the defence force.
  • Tool/Wipe/Cake-corruption: the player does not endeavour to make a difficult spike, simply hits the ball and so that it touches the opponent'southward block and and so bounces off-court.
  • Off-speed striking: the player does not hitting the brawl difficult, reducing its speed and thus disruptive the opponent's defence.
  • Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually past the center blocker) where the approach and jump brainstorm before the setter contacts the ball. The set (chosen a "quick fix") is placed simply slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately later on leaving the setter's easily. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to exist the merely blocker on the hitting.
  • Slide: a variation of the quick hitting that uses a low backset. The heart hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her.
  • Double quick hitting/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in front and one backside the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick striking at the same time. It tin be used to deceive opposite blockers and costless a fourth hitter attacking from back-court, maybe without block at all.

Block

Three players performing a cake (a.k.a. triple block)

Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or modify an opponent's attack.[3]

A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the opponent's courtroom, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive cake is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with i'southward artillery and hands over the net and into the opponent's surface area.[3] It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place.[three] Information technology may likewise require calculating the best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.

The jump should be timed so every bit to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the plane of the net. Palms are held deflected downward roughly 45–threescore degrees toward the interior of the opponents' courtroom. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's flooring as if the aggressor hit the ball into the underside of a peaked business firm roof.

By contrast, information technology is called a defensive, or "soft" block if the goal is to command and deflect the hard-driven ball up and then that it slows down and becomes easier to defend. A well-executed soft-block is performed by jumping and placing 1'due south hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backwards.

Blocking is as well classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, 1 may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block.[3]

Successful blocking does not always consequence in a "roof" and many times does non fifty-fifty touch the ball. While it is obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the attacker away from their 'power' or preferred set on into a more easily controlled shot by the defence is also a highly successful block.

At the aforementioned fourth dimension, the block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.

Dig

Earthworks is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack, specially a ball that is nearly touching the ground.[3] In many aspects, this skill is similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and crash-land are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined artillery.[iii] Information technology varies from passing however in that is it a much more than reflex based skill, specially at the higher levels. Information technology is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to utilise a split pace to make sure they're ready to move in any management.

Some specific techniques are more mutual in digging than in passing. A player may sometimes perform a "dive", i.e., throw their body in the air with a forward movement in an endeavor to save the brawl, and land on their chest. When the actor too slides their hand under a brawl that is almost touching the court, this is called a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball, just rarely if e'er in embankment volleyball considering the uneven and yielding nature of the sand court limits the chances that the brawl will make good, make clean contact with the hand. When used correctly, it is one of the more than spectacular defensive volleyball plays.

Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop their body chop-chop to the flooring to save the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries.

Team play

Volleyball is substantially a game of transition from one of the above skills to the next, with choreographed squad motility between plays on the ball. These team movements are determined by the teams called serve receive system, offensive system, coverage system, and defensive system.

The serve-receive system is the germination used by the receiving team to attempt to pass the ball to the designated setter. Systems can consist of 5 receivers, iv receivers, 3 receivers, and in some cases ii receivers. The near popular formation at college levels is a 3 receiver formation consisting of ii left sides and a libero receiving every rotation. This allows middles and right sides to become more specialized at hit and blocking.

Offensive systems are the formations used by the offence to try to ground the ball into the opposing court (or otherwise score points). Formations often include designated player positions with skill specialization (see Role player specialization, below). Pop formations include the 4–2, 6–2, and 5-1 systems (see Formations, beneath). At that place are too several different attacking schemes teams tin can use to keep the opposing defense force off balance.

Coverage systems are the formations used by the offence to protect their court in the instance of a blocked attack. Executed by the 5 offensive players not straight attacking the ball, players motion to assigned positions around the attacker to dig up whatever ball that deflects off the block back into their own courtroom. Pop formations include the 2-3 system and the i-ii-2 system. In lieu of a organization, some teams just employ a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter.

Defensive systems are the formations used by the defense force to protect confronting the ball being grounded into their court past the opposing squad. The system will outline which players are responsible for which areas of the court depending on where the opposing team is attacking from. Popular systems include the 6-Up, vi-Dorsum-Deep, and half-dozen-Dorsum-Slide defense force. In that location are also several different blocking schemes teams can apply to disrupt the opposing teams' offence.

When one actor is ready to serve, some teams will line upwards their other five players in a screen to obscure the view of the receiving team. This action is only illegal if the server makes use of the screen, so the phone call is made at the referee'south discretion as to the impact the screen made on the receiving squad'due south ability to pass the brawl. The most common mode of screening involves a Due west formation designed to take up as much horizontal space as possible.

Strategy

An prototype from an international lucifer between Italy and Russian federation in 2005. A Russian histrion on the left has simply served, with 3 men of his team next to the internet moving to their assigned block positions from the starting ones. Two others, in the back-row positions, are preparing for defense. Italy, on the correct, has iii men in a line, each preparing to laissez passer if the brawl reaches him. The setter is waiting for their pass while the middle hitter with no. 10 will jump for a quick hitting if the pass is expert enough. Alessandro Fei (no. fourteen) has no passing duties and is preparing for a back-row hit on the right side of the field. Annotation the two liberos with a different colour wearing apparel. Center hitters/blockers are commonly substituted past liberos in their back-row positions.

Player specialization

At that place are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level. Setter, Exterior Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Opposite Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.

  • Setters have the task for orchestrating the offence of the squad. They aim for the second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a betoken. They accept to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to prepare. Setters need to have a swift and good appraisal and tactical accuracy and must exist quick at moving around the court. At elite level, setters used to usually be the shortest players of a team (before liberos were introduced), not being typically required to perform jump hits, just that would imply need for short-term replacemente past taller demote players when critical points required more than effective blocks; in the 1990s taller setters (due east.g. Fabio Vullo, Peter Blangé) became being deployed, in guild to better blocks.
  • Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills. Libero means 'free' in Italian—they receive this name as they accept the ability to substitute for whatever other actor on the court during each play. They do not necessarily need to be tall, as they never play at the net, which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated equally a libero for a lucifer may non play other roles during that match. Liberos vesture a different color jersey than their teammates.
  • Centre blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take identify virtually the setter. They are specialized in blocking since they must attempt to stop every bit fast plays from their opponents and and so quickly fix a double block at the sides of the court. In non-beginners play, every team will have 2 heart hitters. At aristocracy levels, middle hitters are usually the tallest players, whose limited agility is countered by their height enabling more effective blocks.
  • Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is usually the most consequent hitter on the team and gets the nearly sets. Inaccurate commencement passes commonly result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since most sets to the outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, e'er starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners play, there are again two outside hitters on every team in every lucifer. At elite level, outside hitters are slightly shorter than centre hitters and exterior hitters, but have the best defensive skills, therefore always re-placing to the eye while in the dorsum row.
  • Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well-formed block against the opponents' Exterior Hitters and serve every bit a backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually get to the correct side of the antennae. Therefore, they are usually the well-nigh technical hitters since balls lifted to the right side are quicker and more difficult to handle (the setters having to place the ball while slightly off-set to the right, and with their back to the attacker), and too having to jump from the dorsum row when the setter is on the front end row. At elite level, until the 1990s several opposite hitters used to be able to also play every bit middle hitters (due east.g. Andrea Zorzi, Andrea Giani), earlier high specialization concealed this flexibility in the role.

At some levels where substitutions are unlimited, teams volition make use of a Defensive Specialist in identify of or in addition to a Libero. This position does not have unique rules like the libero position, instead, these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular exchange rules. A defensive specialist is oftentimes used if you have a particularly poor back court defender in correct side or left side, but your squad is already using a libero to have out your middles. Nearly oft, the situation involves a team using a right side histrion with a large block who must be subbed out in the back row because they aren't able to finer play backcourt defence. Similarly, teams might use a Serving Specialist to sub out a poor server.

Formations

The 3 standard volleyball formations are known as "4–2", "6–ii" and "5–i", which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively. 4–2 is a basic formation used only in beginners' play, while 5–1 is by far the most mutual formation in high-level play.

4–2

The 4–2 formation has four hitters and two setters. The setters normally prepare from the middle forepart or right front position. The team volition, therefore, have two forepart-row attackers at all times. In the international four–2, the setters ready from the correct front position. The international 4–two translates more than hands into other forms of offence.

The setters line upwardly opposite each other in the rotation. The typical lineup has two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be 1 of each position in the front and dorsum rows. Afterwards service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions, and so that the setter is e'er in the centre front. Alternatively, the setter moves into the right forepart and has both a heart and an exterior attacker; the disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing 1 of the other squad's blockers to "cheat in" on a center block.

The articulate disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are merely two attackers, leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons.

Some other attribute is to see the setter as an attacking force, albeit a weakened force, considering when the setter is in the frontcourt they are able to 'tip' or 'dump', so when the brawl is close to the net on the second touch, the setter may opt to hitting the ball over with one mitt. This means that the blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the hitters to have an easier attack.

half-dozen–2

In the half-dozen–2 formation, a player ever comes forrad from the back row to set. The iii front row players are all in attacking positions. Thus, all six players act as hitters at one time or another, while two can act as setters. So the 6–ii formation is really a 4–2 organization, but the dorsum-row setter penetrates to set.

The six–2 lineup thus requires two setters, who line up contrary to each other in the rotation. In addition to the setters, a typical lineup volition accept two middle hitters and ii outside hitters. By aligning similar positions opposite themselves in the rotation, at that place will always be ane of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front end row movement into their assigned positions.

The advantage of the six–ii is that there are ever three front end-row hitters bachelor, maximizing the offensive possibilities. However, not only does the 6–two require a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter, it as well requires both of those players to be effective offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, only the Cuban National Women's Team employs this kind of formation. Information technology is also used by NCAA teams in Division Three men's play and women'southward play in all divisions, partially due to the variant rules used which allow more substitutions per prepare than the 6 allowed in the standard rules—12 in matches involving ii Division Three men's teams[36] and xv for all women's play.[37]

5–1

The v–1 germination has only one player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of their position in the rotation. The team will, therefore, accept three front-row attackers when the setter is in the back row and merely two when the setter is in the forepart row, for a total of five possible attackers.

The player opposite the setter in a 5–ane rotation is chosen the contrary hitter. In general, opposite hitters practise not laissez passer; they stand up backside their teammates when the opponent is serving. The opposite hitter may be used every bit a third assault choice (back-row set on) when the setter is in the front row: this is the normal selection used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volleyball teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technically skilled hitter of the team. Back-row attacks generally come from the back-right position, known every bit zone 1, but are increasingly performed from back-heart in high-level play.

The big advantage of this system is that the setter always has 3 hitters to vary sets with. If the setter does this well, the opponent's center blocker may not have enough time to cake with the exterior blocker, increasing the chance for the attacking squad to make a betoken.

There is another advantage, the same as that of a four–2 formation: as a front-row player, the setter is immune to jump and "dump" the ball onto the opponent's side. This too can confuse the opponent's blocking players: the setter tin can spring and dump or can set to one of the hitters. A good setter knows this and thus won't only bound to dump or to set for a quick hit, but when setting outside besides to confuse the opponent.

The 5–ane offence is really a mix of 6–two and four–two: when the setter is in the front row, the criminal offense looks like a four–ii; when the setter is in the back row, the law-breaking looks like a 6–ii.

Controversies

In 2017, a new volleyball players' wedlock was formed in response to dissatisfaction with the organization and structure of professional beach volleyball tournaments.[38] The union is named the International Beach Volleyball Players Clan, and it consists of about 100 professional person players.[38] The IBVPA claims its goal is to assistance athletes and provide them with the means to savour playing volleyball past improving the manner the sport is run.[38]

Another controversy within the sport is the issue of the inclusion of transgender players.[39] With transgender athletes such as Tiffany Abreu joining professional volleyball teams alongside other non-transgender teammates, many professionals, sports analysts, and fans of volleyball are either expressing concerns about the legitimacy and fairness of having transgender players on a team or expressing support for the transgender people'due south efforts.[39]

Media

Movies

  • Side Out (1990): A law student goes to California and ends up playing professional person volleyball.[twoscore]
  • Air Bud: Spikes Back (2003): A sequel in the Air Bud serial that shows the titular aureate retriever playing volleyball.[41]
  • All You lot've Got (2006); A TV movie starring hip hop artist Ciara.[42]
  • The Miracle Season (2018): A team comes together subsequently the death of their star player in hopes of winning the state title.[43]

Television

  • Attacker You! (1984): A Japanese anime nearly a junior loftier schoolgirl playing volleyball after moving to Tokyo from the countryside.
  • Haikyu!! (2014): A Japanese anime about a loftier school boys volleyball team striving to be the best in Japan.
  • Harukana Receive (2018): A Japanese anime about teen girls playing beach volleyball and having a match with other girls.
  • 2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team (2021): A Japanese anime nigh a high school boys volleyball team'southward journey to victory.

Variations and related games

At that place are many variations on the basic rules of volleyball. By far the most popular of these is embankment volleyball, which is played on sand with two people per squad, and rivals the main sport in popularity.

Some games related to volleyball include:

  • Beachball volleyball: A game of indoor volleyball played with a beach ball instead of a volleyball.
  • Biribol: an aquatic variant, played in shallow pond pools. The name comes from the Brazilian city where it was invented, Birigui. Information technology is similar to Water volleyball.
  • Ecua-volley: A variant invented in Ecuador, with some significant variants, such equally number of players, and a heavier ball.
  • Footvolley: A sport from Brazil in which the hands and artillery are not used, but it is otherwise like to beach volleyball.
  • Handball: A sport in which teams take to throw a ball using hands within a goal.
  • Hooverball: Popularized by President Herbert Hoover, information technology is played with a volleyball cyberspace and a medicine ball; it is scored similar tennis, merely the ball is caught and and then thrown back. The weight of the medicine ball can brand the sport physically demanding for players; annual championship tournaments are held in West Branch, Iowa.
  • Newcomb brawl (sometimes spelled "Nuke 'Em"): In this game, the ball is defenseless and thrown instead of hitting; information technology rivaled volleyball in popularity until the 1920s.
    • Prisoner Ball: Also played with volleyball court and a volleyball, prisoner ball is a variation of Newcomb ball where players are "taken prisoner" or released from "prison" instead of scoring points. This version is usually played by young children.[44]
  • Sepak Takraw: Played in Southeast Asia using a rattan ball and allowing only players' feet, knees, chests, and heads to touch the brawl.
  • Snow volleyball: a variant of beach volleyball that is played on snow. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball has announced its plans to brand snow volleyball part of the hereafter Wintertime Olympic Games program.[45] [46] [47]
  • Throwball: became popular with female person players at the YMCA College of Concrete Education in Chennai (India) in the 1940s.
  • Towel volleyball: towel volleyball is a popular form of outdoor entertainment. The game takes identify in a volleyball court, and players work in pairs, holding towels in their hands and attempting to throw the brawl into the opponent's field. This version can also exist played with blankets held by iv people. At that place are several variations.[48] [49] [50]
  • Wallyball: A variation of volleyball played in a racquetball court with a prophylactic ball.
  • 9-human being: A variant invented past Chinese immigrants to the United States in the 1930s. ix-man is notwithstanding played in Asian countries and Northward America, beingness recognized for its celebrated and cultural significance. In 2014, an award-winning documentary was produced for the sport of ix-man, and a YouTube documentary was made for the sport in 2017.[ citation needed ]

See too

  • List of volleyball players
  • Listing of volleyball video games
  • Volley squash
  • Volleyball Hall of Fame
  • Volleyball jargon
  • Volleyball injuries

Notes

  1. ^ "Volleyball". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-03-21 .
  2. ^ a b "Official Volleyball Rules, 2017–2020" (PDF). 35th FIVB Earth Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentine republic, 2016. Retrieved 2019-01-11 .
  3. ^ a b c d eastward f grand h i j m l k due north o p q r s t u v w Joel., Dearing (2003). Volleyball fundamentals . Champaign, IL: Homo Kinetics. ISBN0736045082. OCLC 50643900.
  4. ^ "History of Volleyball – NCVA". ncva.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29 .
  5. ^ "The International Association Training School Notes (vol. 4 no. 8), October, 1895".
  6. ^ "In 1895, William Morgan Invents Mintonette". New England Historical Order. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 25 October 2021. Putting his mind to the challenge, Morgan examined the rules of sports such as baseball, basketball, handball and badminton. Taking pieces from each, he created a game he called Mintonette. He took the name from badminton
  7. ^ "Bet You Don't Know Where Volleyball Came From". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
  8. ^ a b "The Volleyball Story". Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). Archived from the original on Jan 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  9. ^ a b "How Volleyball Began". Northern California Volleyball Clan. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  10. ^ Books Added, 1911–1915: Five Year Cumulation of the Book Bulletin of the Chicago Public Library. The Chicago Public Library. January 1916. pp. 317–320.
  11. ^ a b c d "History Of Volleyball". Volleyball World Wide. Archived from the original on 2011-05-thirteen. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  12. ^ "History of Volleyball". SportsKnowHow.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  13. ^ "History of Volleyball". volleyball.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  14. ^ a b c "FIVB History". Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. Archived from the original on September nineteen, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  15. ^ Merrill, Frances (1931). Among The Nudists. Garden City, New York: Garden Urban center Publishing Company, Inc. pp. Analogy Plate following p. 188.
  16. ^ Merrill, Frances (1932). Nudism Comes to America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. Analogy Plate following p. 57.
  17. ^ Weinberg, One thousand.S. (1967). "The Nudist Camp: Fashion of Life and Social Structure". Human Organization. 26 (3): 91–99. doi:x.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707.
  18. ^ a b c d e f m h i "volleyball | Definition, Rules, Positions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-08-02 .
  19. ^ "Section i.ane" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . The playing court is [...] surrounded past a gratis zone which is a minimum of 3 m broad on all sides.
  20. ^ "Department 3.i" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . STANDARDS: The ball shall be spherical...
  21. ^ "Section 12.four.iv" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds afterward the 1st referee whistles for service.
  22. ^ a b "2008 Major Rules-Change Proposals" (PDF). ncaa.org. National Collegiate Able-bodied Association. 2008-07-fourteen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2008-10-12 .
  23. ^ Kraus, Hillary (August 25, 2001). "Volleyball serves up new rules". Spokesman=Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. C7.
  24. ^ Bosak, Chris (April 4, 2003). "Dominion changes everyone will recognize". The Hour. (Norwalk, Connecticut). p. E1.
  25. ^ a b Chandler, Rob (May 14, 2003). "H.Southward. volleyball makes big changes". Arlington Times. (Washington). p. B2.
  26. ^ Derrick, Chris (September 4, 2003). "Set up or not, rally scoring has arrived". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. C1.
  27. ^ Stamm, Diane (October x, 2002). "Winds of change blowing through volleyball world". McCook Daily Gazette. (Nebraska). p. ten.
  28. ^ The term, meaning "free" in Italian, is pronounced LEE-beh-ro (although many players and coaches pronounce it lih-Behave-oh). The American NCAA introduced the libero in 2002.Pettit, Terry; Potts, Kerri (2002-02-28). "Rules changes for the 2002 flavour". NCAA Women'due south Volleyball Rules Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-03-nineteen. Retrieved 2007-01-12 . The NCAA Women'south Volleyball Rules Committee [...] approved several rules changes for the 2002 women'southward volleyball season including the employ of the libero player
  29. ^ Bean, Josh (August 30, 2002). "Volleyball gets new look with 'libero'". Times Daily. (Florence, Alabama). p. 6C.
  30. ^ Linenberger, Shawn (October 5, 2005). "Volleyball players adjusting to libero role". The Mirror. (Tonganoxie, Kansas). p. 1B.
  31. ^ "FIVB Construction". FIVB. Retrieved 2019-01-11 .
  32. ^ a b c d e "The 5 Types of Serves in Volleyball You Must Know – Volleyball Skilful". Retrieved 2021-04-30 .
  33. ^ "What Is A Sky Ball In Volleyball? Definition & Meaning On SportsLingo". world wide web.sportslingo.com . Retrieved 2021-05-01 .
  34. ^ "Volleyball glossary". Cambridge University Volleyball Guild. Archived from the original on 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2007-03-twenty .
  35. ^ Program, Uga Pedb, "four. Attacking & Blocking", Ch.i - Volleyball , retrieved 2021-05-01
  36. ^ "NCAA Men'due south Volleyball 2015–17 Rules Modifications" (PDF). NCAA. Baronial 1, 2016. Retrieved August xvi, 2017. Note that if a Division Iii team is playing a team in the National Collegiate division (Partition I or Two), the FIVB limit of 6 substitutions per set is enforced.
  37. ^ "Rule 11.3.ii: Substitutions – Limitations" (PDF). Women'south Volleyball 2016 and 2017 Rules and Interpretations. NCAA. p. 42. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  38. ^ a b c "Pro beach volleyball players from around world form union - NY Daily News". nydailynews.com. Associated Printing. Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
  39. ^ a b Darlington, Shasta (17 March 2018). "Transgender Volleyball Star in Brazil Eyes Olympics and Stirs Debate". The New York Times . Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
  40. ^ Side Out , retrieved 2019-08-28
  41. ^ Air Bud: Spikes Back , retrieved 2019-08-28
  42. ^ All You've Got , retrieved 2019-08-28
  43. ^ The Miracle Season , retrieved 2019-08-28
  44. ^ Games For Youth Groups. Youth Specialties. 1997. ISBN9780310220305 . Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  45. ^ "President Graça pledges to make volleyball first Summertime and Winter Olympic sport". fivb.org. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. May 26, 2017.
  46. ^ ""We've extended the gilded era of volleyball": the FIVB's Fabio Azevedo on the sport's global growth". SportsPro. September 12, 2017.
  47. ^ "Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Winter Olympics". NBC Sports. February 27, 2017.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-12-14 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-14 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  50. ^ Suit.lv. "VOLEJBOLA DVIEĻI". www.lgk.lv.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volleyball.

  • Fédération Internationale de Volleyball – FIVB
  • USA Volleyball
  • AVP
  • American Volleyball Coaches Association

26.2 As A Mixed Number,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball

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